Careful risk assessment needed to evaluate transgenic fish. A range of transgenic animal species have been generated using dna microinjection, and application of this technique to fish is now showing some degree of success. Us200200955a1 production of recombinant protein in. The genes of interest in transgenic fish production are growth hormone genes, metallothionein, crystalline, antifreeze protein, esterase, and regulatory gene sequences davies et al.
Production of reproductively sterile fish by a non. It is designed to support investigators doing biology of aging research by creating mice that have been genetically altered by either inserting a new gene or removing a normal gene. Production of transgenic fish has increased in scope, aimed at improving performance traits in economically important species or at creating model systems for basic biological problems. Development and production of transgenic fish structure of gene cassettes. Pdf transgenic fish technology and its application in. Transgenic fish transgenic fish or genetically modified fishgm fish are genetically modified organism. Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny. Improving the production of transgenic fish germlines. A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically engineered to incorporate a foreign gene. Rainbow trout3 and goldfish4 are the first recorded transgenic production in aquatic species. Read this article to learn about the method of producing transgenic mouse. An all fish chimeric gene construct suitable for gene transfer for commercially important fish comprises the antifreeze gene afp promoter fused to the desired gene sequence which is incorporated into fish embryos. The viability of groups of modified and conventional fish were measured at three days of age, and 30 percent fewer transgenic fish survived to that age. Transgenic food and ornamental fishes developed so far.
Since consumer resistance to hormone treated fish is unlikely to disappear, technologies such as that of the supermale will become increasingly important, especially for fish produced. Ozato k, kondoh h, inohara h, iwamatsu t, wakamatsu y, okada ts. Production of transgenic fish through electroporation has been successfully carried out since the mid1980s chen et al. Effect of recombinant growth hormone gh treatment on the growth of young juvenile rainbow trout. Applications of biotechnology in transgenic plants and animals. Pdf on nov 6, 1997, thomas t chen and others published transgenic fish technology and its application in fish production find, read. Examples of successful production of transgenic fish atlantic salmon.
Mice, however, are the most popularly tested animals. Intellectual property, ethical issues, societal impact and regulatory aspects also fall within the scope of the journal. United states, a growthenhanced food fish, approved by the us food and drug administration fda and marketed. The protein will preferably be a heterologous protein, such as a protein useful as a pharmaceutical product in humans, or animals. The production of appropriate genetically modified organisms gmos offers considerable. Examples of transgenic organisms include mammals, fish, plants, bacteria and viruses. Status of transgenic fish production with emphasis on. Both antifreeze proteins and growth hormone genes have been successfully transferred.
Production of transgenic livebearing fish and crustaceans with replicationdefective pantropic retroviral vectors article pdf available in marine biotechnology 3supplement 1. Overproduction of gh from the pituitary gland increases growth rate mainly by an increase in food consumption by the fish, but also by a 10 to 15% increase in feed conversion efficiency. A variety of transgenic phenotypes will become possible as more genes are cloned and characterized. However, this problem can be minimized by evaluating mosaicism using a reporter. The main principle in the production of transgenic animals is the introduction of a foreign gene or genes into an animal the inserted genes are called transgenes. In order to monitor the regulation of myogenic cell differentiation and fusion by various extrinsic factors, we generated transgenic trout. This small laboratory fish has high fecundity and easy embryology. The genes of interest in transgenic fish production are growth hormone genes, metallothionein, crystalline, antifreeze protein. This technology is now well developed for tilapia and research is ongoing for a number of other fish species. The dna of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques. Gene transfers have been successful in various fish, such as common carp, rainbow trout, atlantic salmon, catfish, goldfish, zebrafish, etc. In 2014, it was reported that applications for the approval of transgenic fish as food had been made in canada, china, cuba and the united states. The foreign genes must be transmitted through the germ line, so that every cell, including germ cells, of the animal contains the same modified genetic material 18.
The desired gene sequence is expressed in the transfected fish to provide a transgenic fish having the characteristics of the gene sequence. Freshly fertilized eggs were collected for microinjection and transgenic zebrafish produced using. Benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms in. This invention is a transgenic fish that expresses an amino acid sequence either peptide or protein under control of a chemical substance when the chemical substance is supplied to the fish. Groups of rainbow trout were subjected to osmotic shock in the presence or absence of recombinant gh. Pdf importance of transgenic fish to global aquaculture. Several million copies of the gene are generally injected. Transgenes can originate from phylogenetically distant organisms or from the same species. Studies to optimize microinjection techniques specifically for use with fish, and to investigate possible alternative methods for mass culture, should lead to the commercial production of transgenic fish able to.
For example, metallothionein gene promoter, heat shock gene. Theoretically, all living beings can be genetically manipulated. Transgenic animals include disease models designed to aid our understanding of human. Transgenic fish species can be routinely produced by transferring foreign. Application of transgenic fish technology in aquaculture. The genetically modified sperms were fused with normal ova eggs of the same species. The development of new transgenics will be beneficial to aquaculture. Compared with mammals, fish offer important advantages for genetic engineering because of the large. Other benefits of transgenic technology in farm animals production of new materials e. The first genetically engineered fish were produced 20 years ago, and since that time over 35 species have been genetically engineered. Dna into developing embryos via microinjection or electroporation. The production of transgenic salmon using gene transfer technology is described. Ironically, in addition to being the taxonomic group with the most transgenic species, aquatic organisms are.
The following methods were employed in the aquatic biotechnology and environmental laboratory at the university of georgia for the production of transgenic medaka figure 11. An organism that has a foreign or modified gene transferred to its genome using the in vitro genetic techniques is called a genetically modified organism gmo or a transgenic organism. Genetic engineering of fish, and methods of detection. Here we report the establishment of medakafish model for icsi and transgenic production. For the production of transgenic animal, a cloned gene is transferred. Implications of introduction of transgenic fish into. We show that icsi produced a 5% high percentage of fertile animals that exhibited both paternal and maternal contribution as evidenced by the pigmentation marker. In most cases, pronuclei are not visible and microinjection must be done into the cytoplasm of early embryos. The threats and benefits of gm fish pubmed central pmc.
Pdf transgenic fish technology and its application in fish. Transgenic fish transgenic fish or genetically modified fish gm fish are genetically modified organism. A transgenic fish is an improved variety of fish provided with one or more desirable foreign gene for the purpose of enhancing fish quality, growth, resistance and productivity. Sperm nuclear transfer and transgenic production in the. A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. Improved animal health additive gene transfer of resistance genes. The production of fluorescent transgenic trout to study in. The main negative consequence of mosaicism in transgenic fish germline production is the fact that the germ cells of g 0 fish can receive few or no copies of the transgene, making transgene transmission to the next generation difficult or impossible maclean, 1998. Transgenic fish are viewed as a useful model for the study of complex biological phenomena such as growth and differentiation, and as a fast track to the production of broodstock for the aquaculture industry. Transgenic modification of production traits in farm. The transgenic salmon was produced using an antifreeze protein promoter linked to a salmon growth hormone gene. To produce a model of transgenic fish, recombinant plasmids containing chicken deltacrystallin gene were microinjected into the oocyte nucleus of a small teleost, medaka. Kapuscinski department of fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology university of minnesota st paul, minnesota, usa keith r. Gene transfer into fish embryo is being performed in several species trout, salmon, carps, tilapia, medaka, goldfish, zebrafish, loach, catfish, etc.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place. In fact, worldwide production of farmed fish is now at about 30% of global fish production and is expected to reach 50% in 2030, but the expansion of. The production of transgenic fish has since expanded to research focused on three general applications. The transgenic medaka were produced by inserting a gene construct consisting of the human growth hormone driven by the salmon growth promoter into medaka. A transgenic fish is one that contains genes from another species. Methodologies for transgenic fish edited by anne r. Transgenic animals methods, examples and applications. Medaka is a small aquaria fish used widely as a model species in a variety of. Protein production in transgenic animals julian cooper ppl therapeutics, inc. Manuscripts emphasizing biotechnological applications are strongly encouraged. The expression, inheritance and phenotypes are examined using a wide variety of techniques. The first transgenic fish were produced in 2 and as of 2003, more than 35 species had been genetically engineered in research laboratories. The transgenic animals are created because of the benefits they provide to the man.
Transgenic animals are those that have been genetically modified. Pdf many faster growing transgenic fish including both cold water salmon, trout and warm water tilapia, carp species have been produced. Transgenic mice are formed by injecting dna into the oocytes or one or twocelled embryos obtained from female mice after hormonal treatment. Studies to optimize microinjection techniques specifically for use with fish, and to investigate possible alternative methods for mass culture, should lead to the commercial production of transgenic fish able to transmit desirable characteristics, such as enhanced growth or disease resistance, to their progeny. Transgenic research focusses on transgenic and genome edited higher organisms. We have depicted the current developed transgenic fishes in table 1, using latest evidence. After injecting the dna, the embryo is implanted into the uterus of receptive females. In vivo evaluation of mosaicism in zebrafish danio rerio using a green fluorescent protein gfp and growth hormone cdna transgene coinjection strategy. Production of reproductively sterile fish by a nontransgenic gene silencing technology. Fish skeletal muscle growth involves the activation of a resident myogenic stem cell population, referred to as satellite cells, that can fuse with preexisting muscle fibers or among themselves to generate a new fiber. Importance of transgenic fish to global aquaculture longdom. Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish gm fish has been approved by fda 3.